Notable characteristics:
Molybdenum is a
transition metal. The pure metal is silvery white in color and very
hard, and has one of the highest melting points of all pure elements. In
small quantities, molybdenum is effective at hardening
steel.
Molybdenum is important in plant nutrition, and is found in certain
enzymes,
including
xanthine oxidase. Applications:
Over 2/3 of all molybdenum is used in
alloys. Molybdenum use soared during
World War I, when demand for
tungsten (Wolfram) made tungsten scarce and
high-strength
steels were at a premium. Molybdenum is used to this
day in high-strength alloys and in high-temperature
steels. Special molybdenum-containing alloys, such as
the
Hastelloys, are notably heat-resistant and
corrosion-resistant. Molybdenum is used in oil
pipelines,
aircraft and
missile parts, and in filaments. Molybdenum finds
use as a
catalyst in the
petroleum industry, especially in catalysts for
removing organic
sulfurs from petroleum products. Mo-99 is used in
the
nuclear
isotope industry. Molybdenum oranges are pigments
ranging from
red-yellow
to a bright red
orange and used in
paints,
inks,
plastics, and
rubber compounds.
Molybdenum disulfide is a good
lubricant, especially at high temperatures.
Molybdenum is also used in some electronic applications,
as the conductive metal layers in
thin-film transistors (TFTs).
|
42 |
niobium ¡ö molybdenum
¡÷
technetium |
|
General |
Name,
Symbol,
Number |
molybdenum, Mo, 42 |
Chemical series |
transition metals |
Group,
Period,
Block |
6,
5, d |
Appearance |
gray metallic
¡@ |
Atomic mass |
95.94(2)
g/mol |
Electron configuration |
[Kr]
4d5 5s1 |
Electrons per
shell |
2, 8, 18, 13, 1 |
Physical
properties |
Phase |
solid |
Density (near
r.t.) |
10.28 g/cm³ |
Liquid
density
at
m.p. |
9.33 g/cm³ |
Melting point |
2896 K
(2623 ¢XC,
4753 ¢XF) |
Boiling point |
4912 K
(4639 ¢XC,
8382 ¢XF) |
Heat of fusion |
37.48
kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization |
617
kJ/mol |
Heat capacity |
(25 ¢XC) 24.06 J/(mol¡PK) |
Vapor pressure
P/Pa |
1 |
10 |
100 |
1 k |
10 k |
100 k |
at T/K |
2742 |
2994 |
3312 |
3707 |
4212 |
4879 |
|
Atomic
properties |
Crystal structure |
cubic body centered |
Oxidation states |
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
(strongly
acidic oxide) |
Electronegativity |
2.16 (Pauling
scale) |
Ionization energies
¡@ |
1st: 684.3
kJ/mol |
2nd: 1560 kJ/mol |
3rd: 2618 kJ/mol |
Atomic radius |
145 pm |
Atomic radius (calc.) |
190
pm |
Covalent radius |
145
pm |
Miscellaneous |
Magnetic ordering |
no data |
Electrical resistivity |
(20 ¢XC) 53.4 n£[¡Pm |
Thermal conductivity |
(300 K) 138
W/(m¡PK) |
Thermal expansion |
(25 ¢XC) 4.8 µm/(m¡PK) |
Speed of sound (thin rod) |
(r.t.)
5400
m/s |
Young's modulus |
329 GPa |
Shear modulus |
20 GPa |
Bulk modulus |
230 GPa |
Poisson ratio |
0.31 |
Mohs hardness |
5.5 |
Vickers hardness |
1530 MPa |
Brinell hardness |
1500 MPa |
CAS registry number |
7439-98-7 |
Notable
isotopes |
Main article:
Isotopes of molybdenum
iso |
NA |
half-life |
DM |
DE (MeV) |
DP |
92Mo |
14.84% |
Mo is
stable with 50
neutrons |
93Mo |
syn |
4¡Ñ103
y |
£` |
- |
93Nb |
94Mo |
9.25% |
Mo is
stable with 52
neutrons |
95Mo |
15.92% |
Mo is
stable with 53
neutrons |
96Mo |
16.68% |
Mo is
stable with 54
neutrons |
97Mo |
9.55% |
Mo is
stable with 55
neutrons |
98Mo |
24.13% |
Mo is
stable with 56
neutrons |
99Mo |
syn |
65.94
h |
£]- |
0.436, 1.214 |
99Tc |
£^ |
0.74, 0.36,
0.14 |
- |
100Mo |
9.63% |
7.8¡Ñ1018
y |
£]-£]- |
¡@ |
100Ru |
|
¡@ |
|